Explain the effects of the theological, political, and economic differences that emerged:
Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome
-Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.
-German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
-The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
-Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.
Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)
-Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God
-Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church
John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition)
-Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic
-Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement
King Henry VIII
-Views: Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
-Actions: Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England
Queen Elizabeth I
-Anglican Church
-Tolerance for dissenters
-Expansion and colonialism
-Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)
Describe the impact of religious conflicts, the Inquisition, and Catholic Reformation on society and government actions.
Reformation in Germany
-Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.
-The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
-Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).
Reformation in France
-Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
-Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.
Catholic Reformation
-Dissenters before Martin Luther: Jan Huss, John Wycliffe
Counter-Reformation:
-The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.
-The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
-The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.
Describe changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies, and assessing the role of the printing press.
Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies
-Growth of secularism
-Growth of individualism
-Eventual growth of religious tolerance
Role of the printing press
-Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
-The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.
Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome
-Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.
-German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
-The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
-Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.
Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)
-Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God
-Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church
John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition)
-Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic
-Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement
King Henry VIII
-Views: Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
-Actions: Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England
Queen Elizabeth I
-Anglican Church
-Tolerance for dissenters
-Expansion and colonialism
-Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)
Describe the impact of religious conflicts, the Inquisition, and Catholic Reformation on society and government actions.
Reformation in Germany
-Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.
-The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
-Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).
Reformation in France
-Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
-Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.
Catholic Reformation
-Dissenters before Martin Luther: Jan Huss, John Wycliffe
Counter-Reformation:
-The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.
-The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
-The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.
Describe changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies, and assessing the role of the printing press.
Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies
-Growth of secularism
-Growth of individualism
-Eventual growth of religious tolerance
Role of the printing press
-Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
-The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.